Occupational Stress and Health Essay example -- Business Management St

Occupational Stress and Health Introduction In recent years, occupational stress and health have gained considerable importance to people in all forms life. Keeping in mind, the excessive work load, amount of time spent at work and the recent changes that are affecting the nature of work, it is not surprising that work stress today is increasing (Szymanski, 1999). Stress can be caused due to a number of reasons and in many ways and those things are known as stressors which may vary from person to person. According to the United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (1999), job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. It can also lead to poor health and even injury. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/stress/whatis.htm People should be made more aware about the symptoms of stress and try to precautionary measures before it affect their lives. Stress at work can affect people both mentally and physically. Excessively high levels of stress need to be controlled in order to avoid these health related problems. A number of things can be done by employees and employers to prevent workplace stress. Also, there are a number of stress management techniques that can be used by people to ensure that they lead a stress free life. Job related stressors should be identified and dealt with so that an organisation and its employees can operate efficiently and effectively. Identifying stressors at work The list of potential stressors is limitless. There may be times when these are actually of use to us, creating simply a pressure s... ...herwise, when unplanned things happen, it’ll cause you just as much stress as trying to work without a plan. References & Bibliography International labour organisation – safe work program http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/stress/whatis.htm Kendall, E., Murphee, P., O’Neill, V. & Bursnall, S. (2000). A report to the workers’ compensation and rehabilitation commission (Western Australia).Occupational Stress: Factors that contribute to its occurrence and effective management. Centre for Human services (Griffith University). http://www.workcover.wa.gov.au National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.html Szymanski, E. M. (1999). Disability, job stress, the changing nature of careers, and the career resilience portfolio. Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin. 42, pp 279-284.

Organizational Focus and Goals Essay

What is the organization’s current focus? What are the organization’s overarching goals? The current focus of Blue Cross Blue Shields is to provide the best quality insurance to their members. Also, it is time for an open enrollment period for their current members, or trying to get new members to come to Blue Cross Blue Shields. The organizations overarching goals are to provide its members with the lowest premium cost, but providing the most insurance coverage for the least amount. What are the organization’s training needs? How do they relate to the overarching goals? The training needs of the organization lies solely on the type of job each associate. The needs of the organization will be the focus of how the associates will train. During this time, associates will learn how to provide the best member care, and to ensure their members are happy and have the coverage he or she requested. The relation to the overarching goals of Blue Cross Blue Shields is providing the best quality insurance for their members, new members, and provides the best quality customer service. What effect does the organization’s focus and goals have on prioritizing the type and amount of training? The effect is directly associated with the needs and focus of the organization. The employees are directed by training with specific guidelines, and individual one on one communication to answer any questions. Employees will have the option to take upcoming classes to assist with member needs and the workers current job. Introduction For this assignment there is information regarding organizational focus and goals. The organization discussed is about Blue Cross Blue Shields. An organization as large as this needs to ensure all goals and focus are prioritized accurately. Also, this paper discusses the training needs of Blue Cross Blue Shields. Listed in paper are the topics of how Blue Cross Blue Shields prioritizes their focus. â€Å"Blue Cross Blue Shields has more than 105 million members-1-3- Americans rely on Blue Cross Blue Shield companies for access to safe, quality, and affordable healthcare (Blue Cross, 2014).† How would you prioritize specific training needs based on the organization’s needs and current focus? Depending on the present situation of the company, the current focus of training will be specifically related to the needs. Focus and needs of the members needs to be top of the list, and making sure employees are properly trained to assist those needs. Setting up monthly meetings with employees to ensure the focus of its members, and there needs get met. Why must you consider the organization’s overarching goals when prioritizing training? In order for an organization to continue to be a success, it is crucial that overarching goals, and member’s needs get met. The better the care of its member’s the more he, or she is willing to stay with Blue Cross Blue Shields, and new members will follow. Everyone wants to ensure his or her insurance needs get met, and are not paying for an excessive amount for coverage. The most important aspect of Blue Cross Blue Shields is to ensure their members are happy, and provided the best customer care to fulfill their needs. Conclusion Every organization has there own way of how their focus and goals are prioritized. Blue Cross Blue Shields remains focused on giving the proper training to their employees, to better serve their members. It is important for Blue Cross Blue Shields to stay focused, as well as meet their own goals while providing proper care to their members. With all this in mind the proper steps taken can improve training employees and member care. References Questions Courtesy of University of Phoenix. (2014). Organizational Goals and Focus. Blue Cross Blue Shield Association. (2014). Retrieved from http://www. About Blue Cross Blue Shield Association.

Fabric Softener Research Paper Essay

Fabric softeners help keep clothes soft and colorful. While many people use fabric softeners while they do their laundry, most are unaware of the chemicals that softeners use. Many softener manufacturers do not go into detail about the compounds they use to help soften fabric. Unfortunately, many softeners are made from a wide mixture of chemicals that can have potentially hazardous effects on the human body over time. Read more: What Are the Dangers of Fabric Softeners? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_7588099_dangers-fabric-softeners.html#ixzz2JhHu6n72 1. rritation * Fabric softener companies do warn that their products can cause irritation, especially the liquid versions, and advise that you do not allow any fabric softener to touch your skin or your eyes. Some of the chemicals used to create these softeners are caustic and can cause itching or burning problems when the products accidentally contact skin. Respiratory Problems * Other chemicals in fabric softeners can cause lung problems and more significant irritation if they are inhaled. Benzyl alcohol, a common ingredient, acts as an upper respiratory tract irritant, while other compounds like A-Terpineol and pentane can also cause lung damage. These chemicals can cause asthma, especially in younger children. * Sponsored Links * Cars For Sale Philippines Brand New & Used Cars For Sale At Sulit Cars Buy And Sell Philippines Cars.Sulit.com.ph Carcinogens * Carcinogens are compounds that have been linked to causing cancer. It is difficult to pinpoint the substances that can actually cause cancer, and those linked to sufficient evidence are often banned (like asbestos). However, other chemicals may have been linked to cancer in some studies but have not yet been examined thoroughly enough to determine a direct link. Chemicals like chloroform and limonene are known as carcinogens and show up in fabric softeners. Nervous System Damage * Many of the compounds that cause skin irritation or may increase the possibility of cancer can also have a cumulative toxic effect if they are accidentally ingested. Ethanol, camphor and linalool can all cause nervous system damage. So can the previously mentioned chloroform and A-terpineol. Toxin exposure results in symptoms including dizziness, nausea, headaches, numbness and pain in the neck and spine. Fabric Problems * Some fabric softeners use tallow, a waxy material that can help protect clothing and keep it from being damaged as easily by stains. However, tallow can also render towels ineffective at absorbing water; since tallow repels liquids, towels can struggle to perform their jobs in bathrooms and kitchens. Tallow is also dangerous for the dryer lint filter, where it can cause clogging issues. Chronic Maladaptation * The human nervous system develops a condition when constantly exposed to the toxic chemicals that fabric softeners leave in clothing, becoming chronically maladapted to their presence. The effect the toxins have on the nervous system, though negative, can create an addictive-type response when they are constantly present. The nervous system begins to expect the toxins to be there and someone affected may not associate problems with fabric softener products, even on a physical level. This problem is exacerbated by fabric softeners that impregnate fabrics and continue to release their compounds over a long period of time. Sponsored Links * Detergents Stabilize Membrane Proteins Zitterionic, Non/Anionic Detergents www.avantilipids.com * Head & Shoulders Eliminate Dandruff Effectively! Leave your hair fresh and cleansed headandshoulders.ph/benefits * Product Suppliers Connect with over 120,000 suppliers from Hong Kong, China and Taiwan www.hktdc.com * Read more: What Are the Dangers of Fabric Softeners? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_7588099_dangers-fabric-softeners.html#ixzz2JhI4pf00 The Toxic Danger of Fabric Softener and Dryer Sheets by SixWise.com Many people will remember a famous TV ad where a woman races to her washing machine, fabric softener in hand, only to arrive just as the wash ends. This woman who â€Å"e;forgot to ad the fabric softener†e; was actually doing herself and her family a favor. Although they may make your clothes feel soft and smell fresh, fabric softener and dryer sheets are some of the most toxic products around. And chances are thatthe staggering 99.8 percent of Americans who use common commercial detergents, fabric softeners, bleaches, and stain removers would think twice if they knew they contained chemicals that could cause cancer and brain damage. Fabric softeners and dryer sheets with scents like April Fresh and Summer Orchard add toxic chemicals to your laundry and, consequently, your body.| Here is a list of just some of the chemicals found in fabric softeners and dryer sheets: * Benzyl acetate:Linked to pancreatic cancer * Benzyl Alcohol:Upper respiratory tract irritant * Ethanol:On the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Hazardous Waste list and can cause central nervous system disorders * Limonene:Known carcinogen * A-Terpineol:Can cause respiratory problems, including fatal edema, and central nervous system damage * Ethyl Acetate:A narcotic on the EPA’s Hazardous Waste list * Camphor:Causes central nervous system disorders * Chloroform:Neurotoxic, anesthetic and carcinogenic * Linalool:A narcotic that causes central nervous system disorders * Pentane:A chemical known to be harmful if inhaled So how could products with pretty names like Soft Ocean Mist, Summer Orchard and April Fresh be so dangerous? The chemicals in fabric softeners are pungent and strong smelling — so strong that they require the use of these heavy fragrances (think 50 times as much fragrance) just to cover up the smells. Furthermore, synthetic fabrics, which are the reason fabric softeners were created in the first place, do not smell good either when heated in a dryer or heated by our bodies †¦ hence the need for even more hefty fragrances. In other words, remove all the added fragrance that endears people to fabric softeners and — like the clichà © wolf in sheep’s clothing — the real smells of the chemical-laced fabric softener and the synthetic fabrics they were designed around may prompt people to shoot their laundry machines and be done with it. Are â€Å"e;Soft†e; Clothes Worth It? Fabric softeners are made to stay in your clothing for long periods of time. As such, chemicals are slowly released either into the air for you to inhale or onto your skin for you to absorb. Dryer sheets are particularly noxious because they are heated in the dryer and the chemicals are released through dryer vents and out into the environment. Health effects from being exposed to the chemicals in fabric softeners include: * Central nervous system disorders * Headaches * Nausea * Vomiting * Dizziness * Blood pressure reduction * Irritation to skin, mucus membranes and respiratory tract * Pancreatic cancer A 100% Non-Toxic, Economical Solution!The Static Eliminator’s woven sheets take static cling out, and soften fabric without any toxic chemicals whatsoever — plus they areincredibly economical, as one box can be used to maximum effectiveness 500 times! (Or go for the super-economical double-pack for 1000 loads!) * Completely Non-Toxic: The unique technology is based on the weave of the cloth so it is chemical-free! * Very Economical! Each box highly effective for 500 loads of laundry! (To do 500 loads with chemical based dryer sheets takes 13 boxes!) * 100% Hypoallergenic — Safe for infants, allergy sufferers, eczema sufferers, and the chemically sensitive * Softens Clothes & Eliminates Staticwithout any harsh toxins * Safe for Even the Most Delicate Fabrics * Works at Any Heat Setting , with any amount of clothing * Won’t Stain or Spot Clothing * Easier to Use & Reduces Waste: Unlike conventional dryer sheets that must be discarded, just leave the 100% safe polynylon Static Eliminator sheet right in the dr yer for load after load * Won’t Clog Up Your Dryer Vents because it contains NO chemicals!Learn More About Static Eliminator Now!| Soften Your Clothes Safely With These Tips Even if you don’t feel the effects of these chemicals today, they can affect you gradually over time, and children, whose systems are still developing, are particularly at risk.There’s really no reason to expose yourself to these risky chemicals when natural alternatives exist. Not only are they safer for you, your family and the environment, but they’re much more economical too: * Learn about Static Eliminator, a 100% safe, non-toxic dryer sheet system that is more effective at softening clothes and eliminating static cling but poses no risk to you and your family! This is one of the most highly recommended of all products we have reviewed, and you will find it is also extremely economical, too! * Add a quarter cup of baking soda to wash cycle to soften fabric * Add a quarter cup of white vinegar to rinse to soften fabric and eliminate cling * Check out your local health food store for a natural fabric softener that uses a natural base like soy instead of chemicals It’s likely that fabric softeners and dryer sheets aren’t the only toxic products in your home. Many household products that consumers regard as safe are also full of toxic chemicals. Our past articles onPEG Compounds in CosmeticsandPhenols in Common Household Cleansersare two of the all-time most popular articles on SixWise.com and will make you more aware of the pervasiveness of harmful chemicals that can be eliminated from your home. http://shop.sixwise.com/thetoxicdangeroffabricsofteneranddryersheets2805.aspx The Hidden Life Of†¦ Laundry By Chris Borris Ah, clean! Fresh-smelling towels, chubby-cheeked cherubs snuggling into soft blankets that have been lovingly bathed in chlorine, benzene, formaldehyde . . . what?! That’s not part of the image, but it is the reality for the 99.8 percent of Americans who use common commercial detergents, fabric softeners, bleaches, and stain removers. Plus doing our laundry burns through hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil and sends millions of pounds of chlorine into our air and water each year. But we don’t have to put our health—or the environment—at risk to get our clothes brighter and whiter. Recipes for homemade greener cleaners abound, and nontoxic, eco-friendly laundry products are no longer rare. Looking for the best of the conventional brands, on the other hand, isn’t always easy. Cleaning-product ingredients are considered â€Å"trade secrets,† so manufacturers aren’t required to list all of them on the label. (Environmentally friendly b rands often do list ingredients, since they have nothing to hide.) Philip Dickey, staff scientist at the Washington Toxics Coalition, advises consumers to look for products with specific, rather than general, claims: â€Å"90 percent biodegraded in three days,† not just â€Å"biodegradable†; â€Å"contains no phosphates,† not simply â€Å"environmentally safe.† Detergents and Bleaches: Thanks to activist efforts, many major makers of laundry products have reduced their use of phosphates, minerals that promote rapid (and ecologically dangerous) algae growth in lakes and streams. But the active ingredients in most detergents (called â€Å"surfactants†) are still derived from petroleum, so the environmental damage starts with drilling, spilling, and refining oil—and can end with toxic residues contaminating our water and soil. Artificial fragrances, bleaches, and other additives in these â€Å"spring fresh† brews can cause rashes and aggravate asthma. Avoid these dangers by cleaning the old-fashioned way : with plant-based, fragrance-free soaps (and non-chlorine bleaches). Dry Cleaning: Ever notice a harsh chemical smell clinging to your dry-cleaned clothes? That’s perchloroethylene, or â€Å"perc,† a solvent that can cause dizziness, fatigue, confusion, nausea, and skin irritation in high doses, and—for those exposed to it repeatedly—liver damage and increased risk of miscarriage. Our air, soil, and water fare little better than our bodies: According to Greenpeace, 10 percent of drinking-water wells in California are contaminated with perc. And incinerating the chemical along with other hazardous waste generates dioxins and other pollutants. The Federal Trade Commission is proposing changing â€Å"dry-clean only† labels to recognize alternative methods, including â€Å"wet cleaning,† a nontoxic, nonpolluting process that uses water and biodegradable soap. To find a wet cleaner near you, consult the Professional Wetcleaning Network (www.tpwn.net). Stain Removers and Fabric Softeners: They may make your clothes look and feel clean, but these products can leave your garments tainted by formaldehyde and irritating synthetic fragrances. Spot removers also contain the pernicious perchloroethylene. A healthier alternative is probably as close as your kitchen cupboard: Some swear by egg yolk and lukewarm water for coffee stains, or sour milk or lemon juice followed by a salt rub and sun-drying for rust. Home Safe Home author Debra Lynn Dadd favors an all-purpose mixture of borax dissolved in cold water to treat blood, chocolate, coffee, and mildew stains. Clothes can be softened by adding baking soda during the rinse cycle. Look for a fabric softener with a natural base (such as soy) rather than one made from chemicals. Washing: Why waste 40 gallons of water to do an average load of laundry? Front-loading washers use one-third to one-half the water and less soap than conventional top-loaders—and they’re gentler on clothes and wring them drier in the spin cycle, cutting dryer time and energy use. Although they may cost twice as much as conventional washers, Consumers Union estimates that you can earn the money back in as little as six years of savings on water and energy bills. (The EPA’s Energy Star program provides buying tips atwww.energystar.gov.) Use even less energy by choosing the cold-water cycle, reserving warm water for your grimiest duds. Since 86 percent of the energy consumed by a washing machine goes to heating the water, one household can eliminate 1,600 pounds of annual carbon dioxide emissions by washing in cold. Drying: The saints among us line-dry every load. The rest of us can make sure dryers are efficient, vented, cleaned, and kept in a heated space. Use the cooler permanent-press cycle, which takes advantage of residual heat. And try line-drying, at least in the summer: Not only will you prevent hundreds of pounds of CO2 from warming our planet, but your clothes will smell great, too. http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200209/hidden_printable.asp

Academic skills Essay

Academic skills are also very much emphasised in Singapore’s educational policy as our government values meritocracy. Achieving academic excellence is top priority for all school children in Singapore. Hence, many parents are still not in favour of a play-centred curriculum, as they fear this will not help their children to achieve academic success. With ranking of schools’ performance and learning outcomes; teachers and parents are compelled to neglect play in favour of more â€Å"school-like† activities. Similar to the American context as mentioned earlier, Singaporean parents send their children to many enrichment activities to help them to be outstanding in academic studies as well as extra-curricular activities such as music and golf lessons. As a result, children are much deprived of free play. Many children have not acquired the art of making friends and even the ability to make friendly contacts (Tan et al, 1997) The foregoing examples demonstrate that parental perspectives, socio-economic status, cultural factors, and educational policies are some issues that could negate the value and importance of play to children’s development and be viewed as having no â€Å"real educational experiences† (Leong & Bodrova, 2003, pp. 5). On the contrary, Hughes (1999, p. 109) advises that play is very often the context in which the needs of a growing child are developed and enhanced. It is vital to the development of all facets of the young child – personal awareness, emotional well-being, socialisation, communication, cognition, and perceptual motor skills (Hughes, 1999, p. 62-64, 68-69, 81-109 – 111). There are numerous play processes that help develop these many facets in the young child. Infant games such as peek-a-boo, making funny faces in front of a mirror, and water play in bathtub promote adult-child relationship. Playing also encourages and strengthens awareness of self and others; thus, it facilitates the development of a child’s image of himself and others. Indeed, they are not meaningless play especially when adults play with children, the latter will find adults more fun to be with; it is easier to form attachment that leads to securely attached children. Secure attachment is vital to the growing child: it gives him trust and confidence in his environment; it enables him to venture, explore, and learn about his surroundings (Hughes, 1999, p. 196-197, Gonzalez-Mena & Eyer, 2001, p. 77-79). Therefore, open-ended materials such as blocks enable the child to exercise spatial awareness concepts, perceptual skills, eye-hand coordination as well as pretend play and creative imagination (Van Hoorn & Nourot, p.255-256). Children use mathematical skills and science concepts and ideas to further expand their creativity in their construction with blocks; they will add details and complex structures to their block play (Isenberg & Jalongo, 1997, pp. 275-277). Children make use of their bodies and motor skills to move and stack up blocks that is beneficial to their physical development and strategic planning. Much creativity, divergent thinking, and cognitive skills are developed as children engage in pretend play. Thus, children should not be viewed as â€Å"just playing†. Their minds and thoughts are actively involved as they prepare their own scripts and collaborate to direct their play. They plan, negotiate roles and actions, agree and remind each other about the rules they have made. During pretend play, children get to practise their social skills. For instance, when children are unable to agree to play hospital or grocery store, they compromise by combining both. Hence, children play and learn to problem solve (Leong et al, Mar 2003, Rogers et al, 1998).

Sun to electricity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sun to electricity - Research Paper Example Most of other energies used are usually run by fossil fuels, which are non-renewable, and, therefore, their supply is limited because they cannot be easily replaced. The suns energy is in abundant, and the various technologies can harness its power, which can be stored to be used at other times or immediately. The sun can, therefore, produce more electricity than any other form of energy production and the only equipment needed is that for harnessing and storing electricity. As a result, countries need to come up with efficient methods of harvesting the sun on a larger scale that has been previously. The report is going to focus on the harvesting of the suns energy and the consequent conversion of solar energy into electricity. It uses photovoltaic cells, which are embedded in the solar panel. The solar panel is made of silicon, which has various impurities added to it. Panels are either monocrystalline or polycrystalline. The resultant mixture of silicon with impurities creates a medium that converts the sun’s energy into electricity. The suns energy as compared to other reforms of energy like geothermal and nuclear energy stands out as one of the cleanest forms of energy. As a result, it does not have adverse effects on the environment. The equipment used in generating the power is not complicated, and any person can use them quite easily. Converting the sun’s energy (solar energy) into electricity follows various processes. Different photovoltaic cells are used in panels to receive the sun’s rays and convert the harvested solar energy into electricity with photovoltaic cells (Oxlade, 2008). The collected electrical energy is stored in batteries, which are later used either during the day or at night. Other technologies like collecting the suns energy using thermos electric effect have come into play where they use parabolic discs. Thermal electric devices use heat from the sun. The suns energy

Natural history and phenology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Natural history and phenology - Assignment Example In essence, this laboratory experiment entailed collecting phonological data for a tree on the campus of NEIU with a view of contributing to the modern phenology network. After being provided with a tree to be used for the experiment, I found out that the tree had broad leaf, alternate, compound, and pinnate. In this case, given that, the tree had a broad leaf it was a characteristic of a deciduous hardwood. As observed, one of the leaf was on each node, and it had multiple leaflets on a common stalk and the given multiple leaflets being arranged in a pattern resembling a feather and they were all attached to a central rachis. It had a bark of distinctive lighter streaks with a corn large about ? to 3/2 inch and a shallow cap resembling a beret. Following this chronological order of the tree characteristics, it was clear that the tree was the northern red oak as observed in the appendix B. This type of tree is often found on a varied of soil but more especially on moist sandy clay an d the rocky soil. The table 1 (appendix B) shows the chronological order followed in order to arrive at the conclusion that the tree was the northern oak. ... An oak wilt is a fungal disease often known to be transmitted by insects. It is worth noting that the ork wilt disease is transmitted through the underground roots. It is characterized by the leaf discoloring, bronzing and wilting. Contrary to what was the expected phenology, in week two, there were more leaves infected by the wilt disease with one side of the tree dropping off. Leaves were on the other hand turning brown and they were falling off. In the third week, it was evident that there were more leaves that had been infected with a single leave remaining green though some section of the tree showed signs of dying. On the fourth week, it was vivid that the entire tree was infected and thus ended up drying up. On 15th of October which marked the beginning and end of week five, it was clear from observation that the tree in its totality had turned brown and crusty. When finally, the observation was made on 11th of November, it was certainly clear that there were no leaves. The ta ble 2 (appendix A) shows the procedure followed in carrying out the experiment. Work Cited Koech, EE, & Chmielewski, Claudio. Guidelines for plant Phenological Observations. Meteorologie 2007, 398: 225 – 243. APPENDIX A Table 1. Broad leaf Bark with distinct lighter streaks Acon large ? to 3/2 inch with a shallow cap which resembles a beret. Found on moist but not wet sites Alternate Compound Pinnate Table 2. Week one Leaves were 4 to 9 inches long, dark green, with a distinctive lighter streakes. Week two More leaves infected by the wilt disease with one side of the tree dropping off Third week More leaves infected with a single leave remaining green Fourth week Entire tree was 11th of November No leaves 15th of October Tree had turned brown and crusty APPENDIX B Diagram 1 : Leaf

Purpose and History of Penitentiaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Purpose and History of Penitentiaries - Essay Example In tandem with this assertion, it is evident that a prison was rarely used as a type of punishment. The local prisons held men and women, boys and girls, murders and debtors collectively. During that time, prisons were also poorly maintained and were mostly controlled by inattentive prison warders. Most of those held in the prisons died of diseases such as gaol fever (Koritansky, 2011). The most relevant innovation during this time was that buildings of the prototype house of correction. Most of the individuals held in the cells were vagrants, petty offenders, and disorderly poor locals. Before the end of the seventeenth century, they were absorbed in the prison system, and it fell under the control of local justice of peace. The 18th century was characterized as the time of ‘Bloody Code’ and the death penalty faced immense opposition and jurors were declining to give judgments that could lead to the execution of offenders. By mid-18th century imprisonment and hard labor was one of the best types of punishment for petty offenders. Transportation was also used as an approach of disposing of convicted people. However, towards the end of the 18th-century transportation was curtailed, and other sanctions had to be found. Some of the most prominent alternatives were house of correction and hard labor. This led resulted in utilization of prison hulks between 1776 and 1857 (Roth, 2010). In 1777, John Howard harshly criticized the prison system since it was filthy, barbaric and disorganized. This prompted him to call for reforms that entailed installation of paid staff, proper diet, outside inspection among other needs for convicts. However, other penal reformers felt that prisoners need to suffer but it should not grave impacts on a convict’s health. The Penitentiary Act of 1799 elucidated that the gaols need to be constructed for one inmate per cell (Roth, 2010). During the first half of 19th century, there was a watershed in state