Family Business-Cadbury (Chocolate) Essay

The Cadbury company is known for its chocolate-covered Cadbury Crà ©me Eggs, one of its many confectionary products.   Cadbury Chocolates hold a formidale 10% of the total market share of confectionary industry, making it the second-largest candy maker in the world next only to   Mars. Other candy brands produced by Cadbury are Dairy Milk, Flake, Trebor and Bassett, and Green & Black’s (Answers, 2009). I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organisational Structure Cadbury is a leading global confectionery company with an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands. The company employs around 45,000 people and operate directly in more than 60 countries. Cadbury dates back to 1824, or 185 years and counting.   John Cadbury, the original owner, first opened shop in Birmingham, UK.   The first products sold were tea and cocoa. In 1831, Cadbury produced drinking chocolate and cocoa. In 1969, Cadbury merged with Schweppes and became Cadbury Schweppes. In 2003, Cadbury acquired Adams Confectionery which owned the Trident and Halls brands. On 7 May 2008, a demerging of Cadbury Schweppes occurred. Dr. Pepper Snapple Group Inc takes care of American beverages business and Cadbury takes care of the chocolate and confectionary business. The type of organisational structure being implemented in Cadbury is hierarchical structure. In a hierarchical structure, the chain of command starts from Managing director down to the Clerical Support assistants.   The top management makes the decision for the company.   These decisions are passed down to its staffs.   In this kind of organisational structure, the procedures and roles are clearly delineated.   This way the accountabilities are openly identified (Coursework Info, 2003). Cadbury organisation is being run based on the principles of democracy. Decisions are arrived at by conferring with several members of the company giving them a chance to voice their opinions before decisions are finalized (Coursework Info, 2003). Ideas are being discussed and given much thought as a group. The entire Cadbury organisation is built on Democratic structure because Cadbury wants all members to know and understand the importance of roles they are assuming.   Individuals are also given the chance to demonstrate their initiative, at the same time, and they are required to work as a team (Coursework Info, 2003). Cadbury remained a family business all throughout its operation.   Even when it merged wtih the Schweppes, Cadbury chairman must be a direct descendant of original owner John Cadbury and majority of its shares of stock are owned by family members or trusts. The Schweppes Limited however is never family-oriented.   For almost 200 years since its inception, the top management does not belong to a Schweppe (Answers, 2009). Current Cadbury Top Management Roger Carr, Chairman He became the Chairman in July 2008 replacing Sir John Sunderland. He became part of the Board of Directors in January 2001 and assumed the role Deputy Chairman and Senior Independent Non-executive Director in May 2003. He is also the Chairman of Centrica plc (Cadbury, 2009). Todd Stitzer, Chief Executive Officer He became part of the Board in March 2000 and CEO in May 2003. He was Chief Strategy Officer between March 2000 and May 2003. Prior to this he was President & CEO of Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. between 1997 and 2000 (Cadbury, 2009). Andrew Bonfield, Chief Financial Officer Designate Became CFO Designate in February 2009 and CFO in April 2009. II.   Four Non-Core Elements a. Production United Kingdom Cadbury UK owns Trebor Bassett, Fry’s, Maynard’s and Halls. The confectionery company in the UK is Cadbury Trebor Bassett.   In August 2004, Cadbury UK had eight factories and 3,000 staff. Biscuits under Cadbury brand, such as Cadbury Fingers, are using the licence of Burton’s Foods. Ice cream using Cadbury products, is made by Frederick’s Dairies. Cadbury’s cakes and chocolate spread are made by Premier Foods. United States Cadbury plc’s in the United States owns confectionery unit Cadbury Adams, which produces gum and mints not chocolates. Hershey’s bought the chocolate business from Cadbury’s in 1988. The chocolate products may bear the Cadbury name but the chocolates are actually manufactured by Hershey’s and are being sold in Hershey’s chocolate stores. This has led to a marked distinct taste of the Cadbury products such as Whole Nut sold in the United States.   The chocolate is less sweet compared to those sold in the United Kingdom (Hersheys, 2009). In line with the production of Cadbury chocolates using cocoa for its main ingredients, the company forged ties with government bodies to promote the welfare of its cocoa farmers.   In January 2008, Cadbury formed the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership with the United Nations Development Programme, local governments, farmers and communities (Cadbury, 2009). This aims to promote sustainability of cocoa-producing areas such as the farmers in Ghana, India, Indonesia and in the Caribbean.   Cadbury intends to put up  £45 million to finance activities that would (Cadbury, 2009): †¢ increase incomes of the cocoa farmer †¢ find alternative sources of rural income †¢ invest in programs that promote the community †¢ to create partnerships Production activities of Cadbury have been aimed at producing the best chocolates at reasonable prices. By taking care of the welfare of the farmers, they are assured that they qualities of the main ingredient in their chocolates – cocoa – are not compromised. By making the farmers happy, they in turn, reaped benefits from it.

Advanced Marketing course (MBA)

Question I: Explain the concepts of product line width, length, depth, and consistency. Use examples to support your answer. A product mix is a collection of a large variety of product lines. A product line is a group of items or products closely related and lie within a product class as the functions performed by them are similar, have the same group of customers, range within the given price or are advertised and marketed through the same channels or outlets. Every company’s product mix encompasses certain width, depth, consistency and length. Product width: Refers to the number of different product lines carried by the company. For e. g. Unilever deals with food brands, home care and personal care products therefore it offers a product mix width of 3 lines. Product length: The total number of different items or products in a single product line refers to the product length for e. g. if we take food brands of Unilever then Best foods, Knorr, Birds Eye, Lipton and Ben & Jerry’s makes the product length of the specific product line of food brands. Product depth: The variants of each product in a product line refers to the product depth for e. . if we take Lipton, it comes in two formulations loose powder tea and tea bags as well as it also comes in different types such black tea, green tea and herbal tea, so this would mean that Lipton has a depth of 5, as it branches out in 5 different variants. Product consistency: How closely the different product lines are related to each other in use, requirements, production , c hannels and distribution or some other possible way for e. g. If we take Unilever then their goods are consistent in a way that all of their goods are consumer durable and are distributed through the same channel. Similarly they are less consistent as each of their goods serves different buyers and also perform different functions for them. Question II: In planning its market offering, the marketer must address the five product levels of the customer value hierarchy. Describe the â€Å"customer value hierarchy† and identify the five levels of product contained within. Customer value hierarchy is an approach of viewing customer value. It is in a hierarchical representation telling us about how the customer relates and views a product. The customer value hierarchy is pyramid shaped with its base comprising of the basic customer value followed by the expected, unanticipated and desired levels. The five levels of product contained within it are as follows: Core benefit: This is the basic level. It actually refers to the benefit or the service the customer wants to have out the product he buys. Benefit providers, is how a marketer must see himself. Basic product: This is the next important level where the core benefit is converted into a basic product by the marketer. Expected product: The third important level where an expected product is created by the marketer. By expected product we mean a set of conditions or attributes expected by the buyer when he purchases the product. Augmented product: In this level such a product is created by the marketer which is far beyond the expectations of the customer and is referred as an augmented product. Brand positioning and competitions usually starts from this level in developed countries where as in developing countries like India competition starts from expected product level. Potential product: This level comprises of all the possible changing or augmentations the product gets to face in future. New ways of satisfying customers and distinguishing the product and its offering starts from this level. Question III: Explain the concept of a hybrid channel distribution system. When would this system be best utilized? When would this system not be beneficial? Hybrid channel distribution is when a marketer utilizes more than one or a multi channel distribution design. It is one of the most widely used and important channel distribution systems among the vertical marketing network. A single firm can easily cater multiple marketing segments by setting up two or as many marketing channels using hybrid channel distribution system. Firms mostly establish a hybrid system as multiple targets and segments can be approached. If we take the example of star bucks we’ll notice that it follows many distribution designs as they use direct retail system by selling to the stores owned by the company, selling through grocery stores following a single party selling system and also via direct mail following the direct marketing system. Also other distribution systems are utilized by the company. Hybrid channel distribution system works the best when a company serves a wider market and also the marketer knows what system suits the best to its customer way of doing the business. The Hybrid channel communication system carries a lot of potential for channel conflict, therefore in the case of conflicts; this multi channel system does prove to be that beneficial as it may result in improper channel utilization and blocking probabilities. Question IV: In designing a marketing channel system, the marketer must understand the service output levels desired by target customers. Channels provide five service outputs. List and briefly describe each of these outputs. In developing marketing channel systems, needs of the customers are analyzed, objectives of the channel are established and major channel alternatives are evaluated. The five service outputs produced by the channels are: Lot size: The quantity of items possible for the channel to make available to a customer on one occasion. For e. g. a wholesaler will always prefer a channel that can supply him a large lot size of units. Waiting and delivery time: The time taken by the channel to deliver goods to the customers. A customer normally does not like waiting a lot for receiving the goods and prefer a faster system. Spatial convenience: The extent to which the channel makes it convenient for its customers to receive the product. For e. g. if we consider TCS then we’ll notice that it has more offices situated in every area nearby and customers save a lot on transportation as compared to OCS which has less offices and dealers, therefore TCS offers more spatial convenience as compared to OCS. Product variety: The variety or the assortment breadth of the product that the channel offers to its customers. More variety is preferred by the customers as it increases their chance of finding what they are looking for or even better than that. Service backup: Any add on services that the channel provides to its customers such as delivery, installation, repair facilities etc. How good the service backup is, determines how good the channel performs. An increase in the channel cost also takes place for the customers in the case of greater service backup. Question V: The extraordinary growth of direct marketing can be attributed to many factors with both consumers and business are benefiting. List some of the factors that are contributing to the growth of direct marketing. Many factors are involved in the growth of direct marketing. The few most prominent ones are: Changing lifestyles is one of the most important factors that have made the customers accepted direct marketing. In these few years the number of women entering the workforce has increased tremendously. This trend contributed a lot to the growth of direct marketing as it became very inconvenient for working women to take time out and go for shopping. They could simply sit at home and select the merchandise of their choice and convenience through mail-order shopping and receive all kinds of merchandise at their home only via commercial television, mail, interactive television or via home shopping networks. The second most important factor that has increased the growth of direct marketing was the increase that has taken place in the cost of personal sales calls which has risen tremendously in the past few years making personal sale calls very expensive. Direct marketing methods have now made personal selling more cost effective. Another factor that has contributed a lot to the growth of direct marketing is technological growth such as computer based technologies. These technologies have enabled the marketers to be more accurate in the analysis of results, in creating advanced and better customer and prospect databases, better targeting of messages regarding complex demographics and psychographics and even in faster and better execution of packages by direct-mail. Another important factor that has made direct marketing more attractive than mass marketing is the quantity of available product and services has grown as through direct marketing a greater variety and number of products and services can be offered to a smaller group of prospects. Due to an increase in the use of telephones as a means to order has also helped direct marketing to grow and prosper as placing an order through a telephone results in faster order fulfillment and also makes the customer get rid of any delays connected with the mail order system. Question VI: Most companies set annual quotas. Quotas can be on dollar sales, unit volume, and margin, selling effort or activity and product type. Compensation is often tied to the degree of quota attainment. What problems does the setting of quotas present to both the company and to the sales representative? Sales quotas are set by a lot of companies to encourage and provide incentives to the sales representatives in order to meet their daily challenges and also to motivate them to work more effectively bringing out good results for the company. First a sales forecast is created by the company which becomes the basis of planning production, financial requirements and workforce size but the sales quotas create a lot of problems for the sales representatives and the company. Problems cause the company or the sale representative to suffer a lot for e. g. when the company underestimates and the sale representative is already pain then the company has over paid them. Similarly when the company overestimates the potential of the sales, it gets very hard for the sales representatives to match up to their quotas and eventually they get frustrated leading them to even quit at times. Another disadvantage is that often quotas ignore the service side of the business as it usually enables the sales representatives to get a lot of business. Another problem is that only short term results are gained by the company though providing customer satisfaction for a very long term. Due to all these problems faced by the company and the sale representatives most companies have dropped quotas and are adopting other systematic and proper means of attracting sales representatives to work at their best. Question VII: The new product development process starts with the search for ideas. New-product ideas can come from interacting with various groups and using creativity-generating techniques. List these techniques. New innovative product ideas can be created either by interacting with other people such as your own customers and getting their ideas or also by using creativity generating techniques for developing and enhancing creativity in individuals working for the company. These techniques are as follows: Attribute listing: In this technique each attribute of a product is listed and then modification is done to it. For e. g. f we take milk box, we can modify it by replacing the paper box by a glass bottle then it is painted differently and the cap is replaced by a cork etc. Forced relationships: Several ideas are listed then each idea is considered in relation to other ideas. For e. g. in designing a bed room, you consider a bed and a sofa as separate ideas. Then you think of getting a sofa bed that can serve both the purposes. Morphological analysis: It refers to listing every possible combination for creating many innovative solutions. For e. g. we take a problem like â€Å"getting something cooked†. First think of the dimensions such as how well cooked like half cooked, full cooked or baked. Then think of the possible mediums such as stove, on fire or oven and the power source such as electric oven, gas over or electric stove. Reverse assumption analysis: This is done by noting down all the assumptions and the possibilities about an entity and then reversing them. For e. g. let’s take a cinema that plays a movie of the audience choice, charges for the movie and provide snacks. Now if we apply the reverse assumption analysis we will reverse every assumption. The cinema will now show any movie that the owner gets charges not for the movie but for sitting as long in the cinema and instead of snacks offers fast food. New contexts: Consider a familiar process and re-design it into a new context. For e. g. replacing people-helping services with animals such as cats and dogs. Mind mapping: Start with a thought such as food, note it down. Then note down the next thought that comes into your mind such as pizza. Then link both the thoughts that are food and pizza and think of the next association that will be Italy. Associate a new thought with every other word that comes up. Doing this might lead to a whole new idea. Question VIII: Explain the product or brand management organization and list its advantages and disadvantages. Only a company that produces different variety of products or the production capacity is beyond the ability or control of the functional organization establishes a product management organization. It however has another form of management but doesn’t replace the functional organization. A product category manager is under the supervision of a product manager. A product category manager manages and supervises specific brand and product managers. Product and brand management is sometime referred to as hub and spoke system with the brand manager in the center and managing various departments. The brand managers develop competitive strategies for the product, think of an annual marketing plan and predict sales, initiates improvements in the product to meet the changing needs of the market and also continuously work with advertising agencies for the promotion of their product. Advantages of product or brand management: A product manager always develops a cost-effective marketing mix A product manager always ends up reacting quickly to new and innovative products. Smaller brands produced by the company get a product advocate. Disadvantages of product or brand management: Lack of authority to product and brand managers in carrying out their responsibilities. Lack of functional expertise as they are only experts in their own product areas. High costs associated with the system as every major product or brand requires an individual to manage it. Even minor products and brands are catered by different individuals. Brands are usually managed by the brand managers for a short time which leads to short term planning and fails in developing long term strengths. It’s harder for the management to develop a national strategy due to the fragmentation of the markets. Product and brand managers are more focused towards gaining the market share for the company rather than developing healthy customer relationships.

Teachers Perception of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Teachers Perception of Leadership - Essay Example d be to understand and subsequently work on factors that satisfy teachers-those who have been in the profession for a long period of time as well as those who are now about to board on this particular journey in life. What then are the factors, which satisfy teachers? Researchers have discovered many issues, which influence teachers’ job satisfaction in a significant way. However, they all agree that measuring job satisfaction is challenging because teachers are not in harmony with what satisfies them throughout their career. In spite of its difficulty to measure, investigators note that the degree of teacher satisfaction directly affects the school’s stability, the quality of instructions and hence the overall climate of the school (Bogler, 2000; Richards, 2003; Woods & Weasmer, 2004). Researchers examined the various qualities in a principal that are desired by teachers (Haser & Nasse, 2003; Nir & Kranot 2006; Jorissen, 2002; Richards, 2003). Richards (2003) compared the needs in terms of principal’s behavior of three groups of teachers - those with 1-5years experience, those with 6 - 10 years and those with 11 years or more of teaching experience. Richards utilized a phenomenological study and discovered that the beginning teachers cited â€Å"emotional support and safety† as their main need. Teachers with 6-10 years valued â€Å"respect as professionals† as the key element in their job satisfaction while those with more than 10 years regarded â€Å"respect for their knowledge and experience† as their chief need (2003, p.12). However, support for the teacher was the main factor in influencing teacher’s satisfaction for the entire range of teachers. Richards (2003), like Woods and Weasmer (2004),

Taiwanese clothing industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Taiwanese clothing industry - Essay Example Many countries in the third world have closely studied the phenomenon, especially the countries' model are exported-led development. During the 1960s Taiwan experienced rapid growth with steady prices, without the fluctuations of a boom-bust cycle. Private enterprises, especially small and midsize firms, took full advantage of this environment to start up business. With the growing economic of Taiwan, the inevitability of moving into different industries is also foreseen. The emergence of a global economy where production and consumption are organized and mediated in the world scale has spread all sectors of manufacturing activity in recent decades, especially clothing. This industry has some specific features, which make clothing suitable for implementation of networking strategies by Taiwanese manufacturers. Although, clothing manufacture is a small firm sector, truly global strategies can be pursued only by large companies. That is why networking can be an essential force to unite small businesses to compete on the global market. There is little doubt that clothing trade, employment and production have taken on an increasingly international dimension since 1960s. Meanwhile smaller companies usually cannot compete on geographically remote markets. Business networks help those firms to reach distant customers by sharing expenditures on transportation, production, purchasing, etc. therefore making it possible for SMEs to participate in global trade. Additionally, small businesses usually don't have the resources to make investments into research and development. Innovation is an important part of what it takes to be competitive on a global market. Sharing technological know-how and innovative knowledge is also a strong argument for networking. The economy of Taiwan economy remains export-oriented, it primary depends on an open world trade regime. Networking strategies implemented by Taiwanese clothing manufacturers allow them to remain competitive on a worldwide scale, regardless of their size. Networking strategies help them in three ways: reaching out to distant markets, lowering production costs and sharing knowledge and innovations between members. The next part deals with more detailed description of how it is achieved. 2.2 Networking Strategy A business network can be defined as linkages among firms. It provides external sources for various type of input that complement or substitute for a given firm's inadequacies (Malecki and Tootle 1996). Surprisingly, there are few studies based on strategic linkage and networking (Chen and Tain-Jy, 1998). Business networking is about cooperative relationships between companies. Networking is an adaptation process: it is because interdependent production, logistics, development, and administrative activities and resources need to be modified and coordinated to bring about a better match between the firms in the network (Chen and Chen, 1998). Network resources are particularly useful in entering an early stage of market where institutions that facilitate internationalization are still lacking. Business networking can take a lot of different forms, each one of them with its own purpose, advantages and drawbacks. I

Repo 105 Lehman Brothers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Repo 105 Lehman Brothers - Term Paper Example The Repo 105 has been a practice being conducted by several companies in the current world of business in order to gain financial support or other favors from the stakeholders. However, this research paper aims to explore the usage of Repo 105 by Lehman Brothers that steered to its bankruptcy. In particular, the paper makes a focus on the perceived fraud in Lehman Brothers, the response from the corporation and the government, the core issue behind the fraud, and the suggested steps that could have prevented such a misconduct to occur. The purpose of the paper is to establish the financial viability of the accounting responsibilities of the organizations and the impacts associated with poor accounting and financial concepts and decisions. This exhibits the importance of morality and transparency of the overall business and corporate world. Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. was among the largest firm globally offering financial services. In fact, it was the fourth largest investment bank the United States before the declaration of its bankruptcy. It offered services such as sale of equity and fixed incomes, trading, investment banking, private banking and equity, investment management, and financial research. Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy on September 15, 2008, thereby breaking the world records for being the largest with $619 billion in debts and $639 billions for their assets. Their asset surpassed the previous corporate giants such as Enron and WorldCom that had followed the similar trend of bankruptcy. Lehman Brothers was the largest victim of the induced 2008’s financial crisis of the US that affects the global financial markets. Its collapse contributed to more injuries in the 2008 financial crisis, as it steered the erosion of more money from global equity markets, which caused the decrease of the market capitalization efforts. For

Globalization of one place Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization of one place - Term Paper Example However, contemporary globalization marks a critical shift among the nations by bringing the society and its forces into greater proximity to one another. In the Tropic of Chaos, Christian Parenti sheds lights on a new dimension regarding the impact of the increased globalization in the face of climatic changes. He analyzes how the extreme weather had bred to humanitarian crisis, state failure and banditry, ultimately accumulating for a greater catastrophe among the nations. In this paper, we shall analyze the contemporary globalization of Mexico and how it has been influenced by the extreme weather changes and other external forces. Mexico has been a rapidly developing economy from the beginning of the twentieth-century, marked by its progressive changes in the economic and sociopolitical components. The economic and political significance of the country places it at a remarkable spot in the global sphere. Therefore it is important for the country to gain knowledge about the opportunities and potential drawbacks that globalization would bring into its economy. â€Å"Cutting agricultural subsidies, democratization, and giving poor countries a place at the table at trade negotiations are all steps in the right direction.† (Rivoli 256). It could be evident that globalization affects different social sectors of Mexico differently, causing economic, financial, political and environmental disturbances to the nation. The local responses, to these forces of globalization in Mexico, particularly the business and agricultural sectors, cause the major changes to its economy, consequently, facilitating or sustaining the nation’s development globally. Critics have pointed out that the contemporary globalization â€Å"puts jobs and communities at risk in the rich countries and exploits cheap labor in the poorer countries; increases threats to the environment; and undermines the foundations of democracy and social stability by subjecting national

Design a preliminary research proposal to study the relationship Essay

Design a preliminary research proposal to study the relationship between breast cancer and fruit & vegetable consumption - Essay Example In the last decade there were determined following risk factors for breast cancer occurrence: family history of breast cancer, early menarche, personal history of breast cancer and previous abnormal breast biopsy, late menopause, race, age, the continuous use of the hormonal preparations, null parity, refuse of breast feeding, obesity etc. Nevertheless the role of dietary factors in breast cancer epidemiology is still unclear. The recent national survey conducted in the United Kingdom was designed as a cohort study assessing the diet of British citizens. This survey (Cancer Research UK EPIC-Oxford study) was aimed to determine the impact of dietary factors on the hormone production and relative risk of breast cancer (van Gils et al., 2005). The primary statistical analysis showed the presence of correlation between the blood levels of estrogens and intake of phytoestrogenes, food fibres, saturated and trans fatty acids, refined sugars etc. Contrarily, there were determined characteristics of the diet having preventive impact on the breast health. Thus low-protein diet and diet restricted in fat and sugars was correlated with lower breast cancer risk. Some investigators discussed the role of fruits and vegetables in the prevention of breast cancer (Freudenheim et al., 1996, Gandini et al., 2000; Smith-Warner S., 2001; Adzersen et al., 2003). The WCRF/AICR guideline (1997) includes recommendations to decrea se the quantities of animal food (red meat, fat) and alcohol and to enrich diet with fruits and vegetables (see table 1 in the Appendix). Some researchers found that both vegetables and fruits intake can decrease breast cancer risk. For example Freudenheim et al. (1996) suggested that the intake of vegetables decreases a risk of premenopausal breast cancer. The authors explain protective impact of the vegetables by the high content of the antioxidant agents (e.g.beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) in green vegetables. Similar data were obtained in the meta-analysis performed by the group of Italian researchers (Gandini et al., 2000). They confirmed the existence of the association between lower breast cancer risk and the intake of vegetables and fruits. On the other hand van Gils et al. (2005) stated in their prospective study that there were "observed no association of risk with either total consumption of vegetables and fruits or with vegetable subgroups" (p. 191). Accordingly to this statement there was developed a deduction about the absence of any significant protective effects for vegetable or fruit intake in relation to breast cancer risk. But the hypothesis about the possibility of such effects is still applicable for the observation of specific subgroups of females. Yorkshire Breast Cancer Research Group reported about the significant declining mortality from breast cancer in this England's largest county (Pisani & Forman, 2004). Authors did not discuss the role of diet in this declining, but they considered that it was rather a result of the long-term effects of both mammography screening and increased use of systemic therapy (p. 152). Yorkshire community took part in the EPIC-Oxford study; nevertheless there were not assessed issues of traditional Yorkshire meal characterising with prevalence of starchy and fatty food (e.g. Yorkshire pudding, Yorkshire parkin, fat rascals etc). Thus regional

Psychological Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Psychological Case Study - Essay Example Client Presentation The client is neatly dressed in her school uniform when she comes for counselling. She comes on time for each session and never missed an appointment. She was able to sustain her attention, maintained eye contact and displayed a cooperative attitude towards the counsellor. The client described her low mood and sadness due to the passing away of her grandmother. She has difficulty expressing her emotions but claims to be ‘feeling very very sad and missing her grandmother†. She was orientated to time and date and setting. Her speech was clear. No perceptual deficits were noticed . The form and content of her thoughts were assessed as appropriate. No immediate risk was noticed. She appeared to be intelligent. Problem Situation The client has difficulty expressing her deep emotions and feelings about the passing away of grandmother. She have told several times that she is â€Å"feeling very very sad† and badly misses her grandmother. She narrated th at she has lost her interest in doing things that she previously enjoys such as hanging out with friends after school, and participating in ballet and art classes. The client also stated to becoming easily frustrated and angry and would rather stay at her room alone and cry. Relevant Client History Development and Family history The client is an only child. From her infancy ,she has always been left under the care of her grandmother, as both of her parents are both working on full time basis. Her grandmother lives with them in their family home. Interpersonal Relationship The client is reportedly to be much closer to her grandmother than to her own parents.She used to hang out with friend’? after school to do homework and together and play afterwards. But after, the death of her grandmother the client reported that she has been keeping herself in her room and refuses to talk even to her parents and friends. Psychiatric History The client reported no previous psychiatric histo ry. Discussion of Evidence Based Theories Grief also known as bereavement. It is a profound sadness following a major loss of a loved one (Kaplan and Sadock,1996). According to John Colby it has 4 stages 1. Numbness or Protest – clients are characterized by distress, fear and anger. It could last from moments to months. 2. Yearning and searching for the lost figure – clients are pre occupied with thoughts of the lost person and are usually angry, restless and crying. This may last for several months. 3. Disorganization and despair – client are restless, withdrawn, irritable and repeatedly reliving memories with the deceased. 4. Reorganization – clients start to establish new patterns of goals, grief had recede and is replaced with cherished memories with the loss person. (Kaplan and Sadock,1996). The theories most suitable for this client were Cognitive Bahavioral Therapy (CBT) and Narrative Therapy (NT). The Studies shows that CBT is an effective goal or iented psychotherapy and successful in treating behavioural problems, as it teaches techniques to correct unhealthy thinking patterns and attitudes resulting to painful memories. Narrative therapy on the other hand, provides space for clients to retell their stories. NT believes that everyone has a story to tell, but it

Fundamental Attribution Error Essay Example for Free

Fundamental Attribution Error Essay The fundamental attribution error is when a person overestimates the influence of another person’s personality over a remark or behavior rather than giving credit to the influence the situation may have on the person. A famous experiment demonstrating this â€Å"error† was conducted by David Napolitan and George Goethals. In this experiment, they instructed a woman to act either rude and critical, or warm and friendly to each person individually. Half of the group was told that the woman would be acting spontaneously, and the other half was let in on the experiment. The result was that the assumptions about her personality did not change even though half the group had known that she was an actor. Each group assumed that because the woman behaved coldly, her personality was so. Even the group who was told that her behavior was situational had still believed that she was warm and friendly because of the way she was acting in the situation. Many times, we find that we commit this error. If we simply looked at a situation from the other person’s point of view, perhaps they were having a bad day; we would then understand their behavior and perhaps even become sympathetic toward them. This relates to me because I tend to make this error a lot throughout the day. Many times, however, it has to do with my situation as well. For example, if I am having a bad day, it makes me harder to sympathize and/or understand when someone else is having a bad day. It’s like I don’t see it. Their bad attitude is just like another notch of bad onto the belt of bad day: another thing that went wrong. However, if I stop to think about why this person is so snappy, I might be able to see that it is not just the type of person that they are, but it is perhaps the situation that they were put in.

Analysis Of A Leader Management Essay

Analysis Of A Leader Management Essay Isadore Sharp is the Founder of The Four Seasons Hotels Resort. Currently he is serving as the Chairman and CEO of The Four Seasons Hotels Resort. He was born in Ontario, Canada in October 8, 1931. Sharp is one of Canadas most successful businessmen. He completed his graduation in architecture from Torontos Ryerson Polytechnical Institute. After working in real states for five years, he decided to take a new direction and pondered the idea to build a hotel on his own. He was just 29 years old when he opened his first 125 room motor hotel (motel) in Toronto which was profitable and popular (Martin R, 2009). Mr. Sharp has build and managing a chain of 83 hotels that includes some of the worlds most impressive properties across 35 countries in 5 continents. Doing thing in own way Sharp has transformed the idea of service and quality of hotel industry. Mr. Sharp was not interested in following his competitors path; he developed his own management techniques and style which facilitated him to build the worlds largest chain of luxury hotels. Sharp was mainly focused on quality not the quantity. He believed in building medium sized hotel with excellent service and quality. In 2009, he authored a book name Four Seasons: The Story of a Business Philosophy, which gives an insight of the story of his successful five star Four Season Hotel chain (Morassutti W,2009). Mr. Sharp has obtained and earned so many achievements and awards in his field till now which includes Order of Canada, the second highest honor for merit and many more Lifetime Achievement Award .He is Honorary Director of Scotia bank, Clairvest Group Inc., Canadian Unity Council, Canadian Council of Christians and Jews, and Mount Sinai Hospital. Mr. sharp has given Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from University of Guelph, 1992, University of Toronto, 1994 and York University, 2009 (Businessweek, 2012). Leadership makes and allows a viewpoint for what must be done, why it is important, and how it can be achieved. It is someone who is aware of current government and company circumstances, possibilities, and issues. Leadership needs therefore having the right mind-set along with the right viewpoint. Leadership is an important function of control which allows to improve performance and to accomplish company objectives. Leadership is very important in taking effort, motivating, offering support, creating assurance, creating relaxation, creating fantastic office, and co-ordination. Leadership is important in every organization at every level to improve their growth win the competitors. Organizations want leaders, who are value inspired individualities, who can control the circumstances by making the surprising happens ,develop organizations, win the employees commitment with the DNA i.e. purpose, viewpoint and ethical concepts, create better design with proper work way of life and lead the individuals towards the success of company objectives and objectives (Saxena S, 2010). Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. Leadership is the potential to influence behavior of others. It is also defined as the capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required to develop future visions and to motivate the organizational members to want to achieve the visions (Anonymous, 2009). According to Keith Davis, Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.(asiahotelier, 2010) Leadership and management are often considered to be the similar term. Leadership is very important in order to have effective management. Leadership focuses on building an environment in which each and every employee should be able to develop and excel. Leadership is basically influencing and driving the group efforts towards achieving the goals. A manager should have certain leadership qualities. Leaders formulate strategies that are competitive and which can give them a competitive advantage in the present as well as in the future. Therefore it is necessary for Organizations to have strong leadership and strong management for maintaining organizational efficiency (md, 2012). All the good leaders are good mangers but not all the good managers are good leader, its not necessary that an effective manger can be a good leader. Many Administrators, supervisors and executives are performing their duties and responsibilities in effective way without being a good leader. Managers follow what has been told by their leader, they think about their department where as a leaders thinks about the whole organization. Managers deals with ongoing, day to day challenges and complexities of organizations. Managing requires costing and planning and leading requires creating a mission and vision for the organization. Good leaders lead their people towards ultimate vision and help as well as motivates them in obstacles whatever come in the way (Coleman P, 2007). Good leaders are able to develop their work as a team. The first and most important function of a leader is to create and maintain that he and a pleasant working environment by needs a close look at his subordinates abilities, needs and potential capabilities. The second function of a leader is to serve as a labor representative. The head of a working group to work as a liaison and coordination between the group members and senior management. The desired condition, a leader is expected to communicate problems and complaints with their subordinates to senior management. The third function of leaders is to act as a consultant to help in the work for his people. Here are a leading company expects will accompany and advise his subordinates who face problems in terms of their performance in the workplace problem are not necessarily technical, but may also contain naturally emotional. The fourth important function leader manages time effectively (Anonymous, 2010). The function of leader is to check whether the employees are completing their work within the give time frame and also need to check if the work groups are providing quality and efficiency in their work. The fifth most important function of a leader is using his power in the right way. A leader should be a good observer. A leader should reward his subordinates so that they get motivated towards doing the job which in turn can create a positive and livelier working environment (Malhotra J, 2009). Different leaders have different leadership styles which differ in the manner and approach in which they provide direction to the people, and how they implement the plans and how they motivate the people. The three old approaches of leadership are Authoritarian or Autocratic, Participative or Democratic, Delegative or Free Reign. Leader who informs his employees about what needs to be done and how it needs to be done is an Authoritarian and Autocratic type of leader. Such a leader never takes advice and suggestions from others. This style of leadership is useful in situations when the leader has all the information and resources to solve the problem efficiently and only needs the work to be done by his employees. This style of leadership helps in saving time. This style is successful only when the employees are thoroughly motivated to do the work. A good leader knows when he needs to use this style and when not to (Cherry K, 2000). Leader who involves his employee in the process of decision making by taking their opinions and suggestions in how to do the work, uses the Participative style of leadership. Although he takes the opinions, the final decision remains with the leader and he can chose not use the suggestions if he thinks that it doesnt help the cause (Cherry K, 2000). Mr. Sharp believed that in order to achieve significant productivity gains, he needs to empower his employees to a certain extent. One of the first tasks that he did was to create a united purpose amongst his workers. Sharp knew that neither he nor anyone else could command the dedication of his employees. Leader who uses this style should not be considered a weak leader but on the contrary its a sign of strength. Using this style, a leader gains the respect of his employees. This style is used when the leader doesnt have complete information and other employees have some information which will be useful for achieving the goal. A leader s hould always employ employees who are knowledgeable and skillful as the leader is not expected to know each and everything. This style helps the leader to become a part of the team and it helps in getting towards a better decision (Lewin K., 1939). A leader who allows the decisions to be made by his employees uses the Delegative style of leadership. Although the decisions are made by the employee(s), the responsibility of the decisions rests with the leader since he is the person in-charge. This style should be used by a leader only when he can completely trust the decision making capabilities of his employees and has confidence in their knowledge and skills (U.S. Army Handbbok, 1973). Mr. Sharp believes that in order to gain the success one needs support. Mr. Sharp, the leading luxury hotelier in the world, didnt become so all by himself. In the 50 years of service in the hotel industry, he has developed a leadership style for himself which is unique and has encouraged his employees the world over to completely devote themselves for the betterment of the company in all regards. He has created a working environment which has been built on trust, credibility and integrity. This has inspired his team to work with more dedication to cater to the needs of the guests in all of his hotels across the world. Mr. Sharpe realized very quickly that this is the secret which will help him to get the best results for his company . New approaches of leadership are Transformational Leadership, Charismatic Leadership, Transactional Leadership, People Oriented Leadership. Leaders can posses all of this styles in some manner. Transformational leadership style is very inspiring. This type of leaders expects best from all employees as well as themselves which will lead to a good productivity and involvement of everyone as a team. Transformational leadership is very useful in the organization to take initiatives and add new values. Transformational leader needs support from their people or employess. This type of leaders uses other leadership styles as well depending on the situation and the people (Johnson R, 2010). Charismatic leadership style is one of the modest approaches of leaders to his employees. Charismatic leader shows enthusiasm towards his employees and motivates them to move forward. The only difference between charismatic leaders and transformational leaders is their intention. Transformational leaders wants to transform their teams and organizations where as Charismatic leaders are regularly focused on employees and do not want to change anything. The tsunami crisis in Southeast Asia in 2004 was a good example of Sharps commitment towards his team. Waves pounded the Four Seasons hotel in the Maldives and within 24 hours, all employees and guests were safely evacuated from the island. But, the damage didnt stop there. Resort went to shutdown and hundreds of employees were out of work all of a sudden. Sharp subsequently sent all his employees to other Four Seasons hotels around the world in order to keep them employed (Sharp I, 2008). Transactional leader work through such a structure in which it is clear what is to be done by his employees and what reward they will get after completion of the given task. This leadership style starts with the idea that team members agree to obey their leader when they accept a job. This leadership style clears employees roles and responsibilities (Tegborg M, 2010). In this leadership style employees are given rewards after achieving the goal and same way employees fail to achieve the given task, then they are fully responsible for the failure not the leader. This type of style focuses on short term tasks. The downside of this leadership style is that team members can do little to improve their job satisfaction. It can feel stifling, and it can lead to high staff turnover (mindtools, 2010). People-oriented leader completely focuses on organizing, supporting, and developing the people on their teams. People oriented leader treat every employee equally in a friendly and approachable manner which tends to encourage good teamwork and creative collaboration. Team members of a people oriented leader are often more productive because they know that the leader will provide support if they need it (mindtools, 2010). Same way Sharp has showed his people oriented leadership at the time recession. At that time other organization were downsizing the labor cost to recover the loss and unpressurized the situation, Sharp maximized employees value to show him commitment toward his people (Isadore Sharp, 2009).

Shakespeares Macbeth - Innocent and Naive Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Innocent and Naive Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Innocence is a quality that few people take to their grave, although all are born with it. At some point in one's life, an event or circumstance removes that shield from both moral and legal guilt, whether in one's own eyes or in the eyes of another. In such a case, innocence is cast off, or innocence can be stolen. Both are true of Macbeth in William Shakespeare's tragic work Macbeth. The hero's innocence and naà ¯vetà © make him vulnerable prey for those who feel completely at home in a subhuman realm of malice and disintegration - the witches and Lady Macbeth. Inevitably, Macbeth is eventually worn down enough to be pushed into this dark and evil abyss by his wife, Lady Macbeth, who leaps frantically in after him to join the witches where they are most at home. The robbery of Macbeth's innocence begins with allowing the witches to brainwash him with their predictions forcing him to step closer and closer to the edge of their dismal abyss. They take advantage of the surplus of ambition that had served him so well in his desire for victory over Macdonwald and use it to instill in him the need to be King. Still, desire is not enough for Macbeth and he is thus driven "to seek certainty as his one objective. He wants certainty from the witches . . . at whatever cost" (Campbell 228). Macbeth, however, is not completely lost yet; honour and justice remain in him, and although it takes him some time to fully consider the consequences of the witches' words on him, he rejects his horrible thoughts of murder and postpones all action: "If chance will have me king, why,chance may crown me, / Without my stir" (I. iii.143-144). For the time being, Macbeth's true essence is in control, that of loyalty and honour. However, Macbeth again undergoes a change of heart in scene four, at the announcement of Malcolm as the Prince of Cumberland and as successor to the throne of Scotland, the same throne upon which Macbeth had his eyes set upon. The effect of the King's proclamation on him can be seen through his reaction: The Prince of Cumberland! that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else o'er-leap, For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires; The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be, Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see .

Summary of Danielle Steels Granny Dan :: essays research papers

Granny Dan Written By Danielle Steel, 1999, Delacorte Press (fiction, historical) I came upon this book one day while rifling through my mother’s yawn-inducing adult paperbacks, due to a lack of recent visits to the library. They were the kind of books that are thick, fine print, and usually about some unhappy beautiful heroine who finds true love through a turbulent 700 pages. Then I came across Granny Dan. It was hardcover, a mere 223 pages, and had no close-up shot of a gun, or broken glass, or some other imagery in that vein. So, I did the obvious thing, I opened it up and began to read. Granny Dan was a magical grandmother, who enjoyed roller skating in her kitchen, singing to her family in Russian, and mostly just loving her family in her own little ways. But when she passed away, no one knew anything about her past, which she’d spoken little of. When cleaning out her house after her death, her granddaughter is sent a small brown box, containing all the secrets of Granny Dan’s life, secrets just bursting to be understood. The box contained very few things, a pair of satin toe ballet shoes, a gold locket, and letters tied together. Granny Dan suddenly becomes more than just an endearing grandmother, she becomes Danina Petroskova, the great ballerina. Learning more of Danina’s past, her granddaughter slowly begins to unravel the mystery surrounding her life. As a young girl, Danina’s father and brothers gave her up to a ballet school in St. Petersburg, Russia, because so many men would not know how to raise the motherless girl. For years, Danina devoted her life to ballet, she did not know the outside world. While other girls fell in love and began to ruin their focus for training, Danina only ate, slept, and danced, it was a monastic life, enduring gruelling hours of training with her teacher, Madame Markova. By the age of seventeen, Danina was a prima, and from her performances, she was soon recognized by the Czar and Czarina, members of the royal family. As time went on, she became a favourite of the Imperial family, especially the sickly Czarevitch, Alexei. (The Czar is basically the equivalent of the king, the Czarina, the queen, and the Czarevitch, the prince. Alexei’s family, the Imperial family, were real) Many shattering events occur to Danina, from losing precious brothers to war, to falling in love with Alexei’s (the Czarevitch) doctor, Nikolai Obrajensky.

The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Compensating for Market Failure

The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Compensating for Market Failure ABSTRACT: This paper reviews three social scientific accounts of the civic sector's role in society: the government failure, contract failure, and voluntary failure theories. All three explain the role of nonprofit organizations as compensating for the market's failure to provide certain collective goods. This approach involves a radical misinterpretation of the underlying principles of civic sector organizations. An account is needed that explains their economy in terms of their normative concerns, rather than explaining normative concerns in terms of their economy. I lay a foundation for such an account by examining (1) the self-understanding among civic sector organizations that they should be "mission-driven," and (2) the implications of this self-understanding for the sector as a "social economy." Whereas "mission-drivenness" calls attention to service-provision, resource-sharing, and open communication as the normative core of civic sector organizations, the notion of a "social economy" suggests a recirculation of money into channels where standard economic logic no longer holds. The key to the civic sector's role lies not in responses to market failure, but in the short-circuiting of a money-driven capitalist economy. Three trends will shape the future of education around the world: the revolution in information technologies, the crisis of the welfare state, and the globalization of a consumer capitalist economy. In the face of such powerful developments on a massive scale, philosophy's efforts toward "educating humanity" (1) can seem both presumptuous and quixotic: presumptuous, because much of philosophy has given up global theorizing of sort ... ...n producers and consumers, or among consumers. (10) Jon Van Tils Mapping the Third Sector: Voluntarism in a Changing Social Economy (Washington, D.C.: Foundation Center, 1988) hints at this, but a communitarian emphasis on building habits of the heart keeps Van Til from pursuing the normative implications of voluntarism for the communication that should characterize such organizations and their relations to the public. (11) Civic sector organizations are under tremendous pressure to bend their communicative capacities for the sake of sales, advertising, marketing, and public relations strategies whose primary objective is the promotion and preservation of the organization itself. While such strategies are necessary, openness suffers when communication subserves these strategies rather than these strategies themselves submitting to tests for open communication.

Newspaper Reviews

Complete three reviews of newspaper / magazine articles using the given template. A sample review has been attached for your reference. All articles should be on one of the topics below and topics should not repeat. Transport Equality Rich-poor Gap Science Technology Culture Natural Disaster Ageing Population Teenage Issues EducationYou may use print and non-print articles. Articles should be dated no earlier than October 2013. Your reviews should be typed out. Articles used must be included in your reviews. For print articles, include the original article in your reviews. For non-print articles, please print them out with your review. Please print out your reviews for submission.Deadline: 1st English lesson in Term 1 2014review template Name & index no.ClassTopic(s)Title of articleDate of articleSourceIssue(s) Summary of main concern(s) of the articlePoints of view Perspectives of the people concerned (give at least 2 perspectives)Consequences Possible negative & positive effects of the issue(s)Evidence / Data Statistics, examples, anecdotes, etc.Vocabulary Useful words & phrases related to the issuePersonal Opinion Your personal view on the issueSample Review Name & index no. Jean Grey (10) Class 3S4 Topic(s) Food & Health, Media Title of article 14 F&B firms pledge to curb ads aimed at kids Date of article October 30, 2012 Source The Straits TimesIssue(s)Summary of main concern(s) of the article Obesity is on the rise in Singapore and it is believed that advertising influences what children choose to eat. The Singapore government has introduced an initiative to stop advertising unhealthy foods to children from January 1 2013 in order to fight obesity.Points of viewPerspectives of the people concerned (give at least 2 perspectives) Health Promotion Board (HPB) chief executive: F&B companies’ pledge is â€Å"an important first step†, given that advertising has a significant impact on children’s food choices. McDonald’s spokesperson: The company has introduced more healthy food options. It will support the initiative to stop advertising in media channels where children make up more than 35 per cent of the audience. NTU Associate Professor: It is doubtful whether the changes will have a lasting impact on children’s eating habits as children are increasingly exposed to social media which is hard to regulate.ConsequencesPossible negative & positive effects of the issue(s) If the initiative is successful, it would curb obesity which would in turn lower the proportion of children at high risk of chronic ailments. If the initiative is unsuccessful, it would have no impact on obesity which is on the rise.Evidence / DataStatistics, examples, anecdotes, etc. Research has shown that advertising influences what children buy or choose to eat. About 9 per cent of children here are obese, putting them at a higher risk of chronic ailments like diabetes as they grow older. A British study found that children aged six to 13 were more likely to want to eat fatty and sugary foods after watching commercials for unhealthy food on TV.VocabularyUseful words & phrases related to the issue Food and beverage firms, initiative, curb advertising, chronic ailments, saturated fats, trans fats, nutritional criteria, dietary guidelines, regulations restricting food advertising, HPB’s healthier choice symbol, wholesome Personal OpinionYour personal view on the issue I think that the initiative is a good move by the government as it promotes greater social responsibility on the part of F&B firms. It also sends out a strong message to the public that obesity is a serious concern that demands our immediate attention and action.Template adapted from Paul’s Wheel of Reasoning

Analysis of Listener’s Wooden Heart

He says he built his own heart out of wood, and placed it inside himself (the iron ship), as he sails through the struggles in life (blood red seals and finds his place in life. He's not letting the struggles in life (waves) destroy his hopes and dreams. He says he believes in both anchors and saviors a line apart, so I'm assuming they are synonymous. His life is falling apart, but he still believes in whatever anchor is in his life, while he's â€Å"sinking†. When he says he is pulling the rotten wood out of his heart, he means he's letting go of the emotional baggage in his heart, so he can pursue his reams. We are all made out of shipwrecks, every single aboard washed and bound like crooked teeth on these rocky shores† That line is saying that we are all the person we are today because of our mistakes, and we're all barely making it through life by ourselves. At this point in the poem, he starts referring to a community making it through together, rather than sailing through life Just by himself. The line â€Å"we only have what we remember†, that repeats several times throughout the poem, states that if we didn't have what we remember, we would Just repeat the mistakes that we Dade in our past. L am the barely living son of a woman and man who barely made It. † this line is basically repeating the very first line of the poem: â€Å"We're all born to broken people on their most honest day of living. †If we hold on tight we'll hold each other together, and not Just some fools rushing to die in our sleep† they need to go through this together, because they can't do this alone. â€Å"All these machines will rust I promise, but we'll still be electric, shocking each other back to life. † Waves can take down a ship, but water can't destroy electricity. Their ship may sink, but if they're electric, they can live through the storm. â€Å"Because our church is made out of shipwrecks, from every hull these rocks have cla imed. † A church is a congregation. A place where you can find other people to hold on to, and do life with.

Mall Culture Essay

Gone are the days when people had to buy different things from different places. People would visit local Kirana stores for purchasing daily-required household materials, and go to some other local markets for buying clothes. Shopping was never as convenient for people as it is now. The shopper gets the experience of one stop shop. From apparels to FMCG goods, the consumer gets leisure time visiting malls. Each store offers an individual a wide variety be it for choosing a stationery pen or a laptop. One of the reasons for the existence of mall culture is globalization. Products and brands from various places, cultures and communities are under one roof. One of the central features of conventional shopping areas and stores has been their uni-dimentionality. Local festivals and events are given special importance within the mall world. Festivals often become the occasion of greater consumption and are also reflected in the fashion trends of the season. The globalization of cultureof immense economic activity, though at some expense to the environment. A large mall situated along a narrow road in Gurgaon or Noida is a host to queues of vehicles. Queues that line up several kilometres causing huge deficiency to nation already starved for diesel and petrol. Please check the smog that results from fumes emitted from exhaust tubes of these vehicles. Electricity distributers never have enough to supply to the shopping malls. So they need to burn on an average of 5000-7000 litres of diesel per day to stay in operational mode. Quite a huge volume! This can light up an apartment complex for a month. Now the food courts where you relish your favourite food generates 2-3 tonnes of toxic waste every day. The landfills are helpless. Look where the polystyrene cups and plates that you use go every day. And the poor washroom in a mall that has to take a load of ten thousand visitors every day. You are aware that 50% people never wash their hands after peeing. Then they†¦

The Klan of the 1930s

The Klan of the 1930’s In 1865, the bloodiest war in American history drew itself to a much-needed end. However, the gory war had severe repercussions. One of which is the Ku Klux Klan, or as it is more commonly known, the ‘KKK’, or even ‘the Klan’. The Klan was not originally meant to perform filthy crimes against humanity, but any group started by individuals with such dark beliefs is bound to morph into something unintentionally. Something horrible. Something that would burn fear into the minds of every Catholic, every Jew, every African American, and anyone else who seemed unfit.That omniscient ‘something’ is the Ku Klux Klan, an organization equally as treacherous as the Nazi’s to anyone who truly know of them. The Ku Klux Klan is beyond doubt one of most terrifying things in all of American history, and still present day. From it’s unassuming beginnings, to it’s cruelty to their fellow man, to their . After the civil war, many ex-confederate soldiers had nothing to do- their bones ached with boredom. That very boredom is what ushered the beginning of the Klan in May of 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee.Boredom is what started this horrible, seemingly cult-like, group. The group was given its rise by approximately six ex-confederate soldiers as merely a racist, social gathering. Something to lift their sunken spirits. But, gradually, talk began to turn violent. At first, just little practical jokes, then as fate would have it, they evolved into a violent hate group and performed murderous and treacherous hate crimes that society seemed to turn it’s back on and God seemed to flinch at. How could men do such horrible things?Had we no souls? Klan violence worked to suppress black voting. Over 2,000 people were killed, wounded and otherwise. Klan members adopted masks and robes that hid their identities and added to the drama of their night rides, their chosen time for attacks. Many of them ope rated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other's faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers. During the mobbing the Klan would riot by yelling out racist things. They would also hurt people who spoke out against them.Sometimes they would disrupt a certain black organization and rob people. During the hangings that they did, the KKK would find some black people, whether it meant kidnapping them or taking people just walking by and would take them to a hidden place where they were hung. When shootings occurred, the Klan were often the ones who started it, most likely by going and shooting at rallies for black people. The Klan also just started shooting at cars with black people going by or at a black family’s houses.Although the Klan did these horrible things, they were very rarely arrested for doing them. Although some police agreed with the Ku Klux Klan, others tried there hardest to find and arrest them. It was hard to find the Klan, bec ause they never stayed in one place for long due to the fear of capture. 3 years ago Report Abuse Additional Details my grand pa was a confederate general, i have nothing against it†¦ 3 years ago the question is what is the third thing i can use for my thesis? 3 years agoI WANT HELP WITH MY THESIS, NOT ADVICE. THANK YOU THOUGH. ————————————————- Explain how the KKK are supposedly the â€Å"ghosts of the Confederate soldiers† (after they lost the Civil War) and how they hanged Blacks in retribution, bombed Black churches, burned crosses on lawns and killed people during their infamous night rides. The first Klan was founded in 1865 in Tennessee, which had about 550,000 total members. Key members in the second klan were Nathan Bedford Forest, a Civil War veteran.Forrest allegedly responded, â€Å"That's a good thing; that's a damn good thing. We can use that to keep the ******* in their place. † That demonstrates that the KKK's main goal was reactionary, to keep Blacks down after they lost rights to slavery during the Civil War. In 1915, the second Klan was founded. At the turn of the century, the new KKK focused on more groups, such as the Jewish and Catholics. The created the movies called â€Å"The Birth of a Nation† that portrayed the KKK as heroes. Also, they were rather infamous in their case with Leo Frank.Leo Frank, a Jewish man whose controversial death sentence for the rape and murder of a young White girl named Mary Phagan had been commuted, was lynched near Atlanta against a backdrop of media frenzy. Also note the second KKK had about 6,000,000 members total and was VERY successful in terms of numbers and political power. The third klan formed in 1946 and opposed the later Civil Rights Movement. However, the third klan lost most political influence because racism was getting less accepted as times changed. Also not e, around this time, they began committing questionable assassinations and bombings of Black churches.They, in 1963, assassinated NAACP organiser Medgar Evers in Mississippi. In 1994, former Ku Klux Klansman Byron De La Beckwith was convicted. Of course, the racism resulted in the Blacks forming their own groups for protection. Also put that many KKK groups, from the third re-birth, exist today, in which, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, 187 active KKK groups supposedly exist in the United States. The state with the most KKK groups, is Texas, containing 26 total. ————————————————-

Ch.12 - Book - America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System by Essay

Ch.12 - Book - America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System by David W. Neubauer, Henry F. Fradella - Essay Example This effect of the criminal rules of justice is apparent since the rules limit the nature or kind of evidence that courts may accept and the purpose for which the evidence may be used. Criminal rules of evidence also have the effect of broadly defining relevance of facts while relaxing the common-law prohibitions on witness competency. There are rules that require courts to exclude relevant facts merely because of their propensity to prejudice, confusion, delays and to mislead (Neubauer & Fradella 454). For instance, evidences of other crimes committed cannot be used to show conformity to the crime behavior under review while such evidences can prove motive. Despite their perceived power-reduction effects, there are criminal rules of evidence that actually empower the courts. For instance, there are rules of evidence, which empowers judges and courts to eliminate evidences that are prejudiced, repetitive, and inflammatory or that are highly likely to waste the courts resources and

Gender and language in ELT materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and language in ELT materials - Essay Example emic and social discourses around the world for several decades now. Gender issues such as equality have taken centre stage in the world today, and many efforts are being directed at eliminating all forms of discrimination against women; gender equality has now been acknowledged as a universal human right and was articulated as the third millennium goal of the Millennium Summit in 2000 (Deirdre and Maryann 2008, p.303). Education reflects the global efforts by addressing issues such as gender equality and inequality in society; however, there could be worrisome possibilities that education of women, men, girls and boys, has been compromised in the past because of both explicit and implicit gender bias. In this respect, gender bias and language in the English Language Teaching materials have been major areas of focus in the current practice, in an effort to crackdown on any forms of gender bias against the women in society. This paper aims at examining gender and language in ELT mater ials in the current practice, to highlight, among other things, the new understandings of gender inherent in the ELT materials, in addition to the language specifics of ELT materials. Gender biasness in ELT materials can be explained by the ambivalent sexism theory because they depict both hostile sexism -denoting an active antagonistic view of women that, both explicitly negative and restrictive, and benevolent sexism-beliefs that women should be cherished, adored and protected from harm (Mehta et al 2013, p.38). As far as benevolent sexism is explicitly positive, it restricts women by viewing them stereotypically and in limited low-status roles, thus is just as potentially damaging as hostile sexism. Ambivalent sexism is built on three major aspects namely dominant/protective paternalism, gender differentiation and, heterosexuality; dominant paternalism/competitive or heterosexual hostility and gender differentiation are elements of hostile sexism whereas protective paternalism is an element of benevolent sexism. Dominant paternalism is the mechanism through which attributes thought to be suitable for positions of power and structural control are assigned to men whereas protective paternalism is the idea that women are ‘weaker sex’ that should be protected and cherished. Heterosexual hostility is the belief that women use their sexuality to control men; competitive gender differentiation refers to the belief that men are the only sex with characteristics such as ambition and agency, which are essential for positions of power and high status. It is no doubt that language is a very powerful tool of socialization that often times shapes the social constructions of gender in many societies across the world today; for decades now, studies have been concerned with the social justice issues. One of the predominant themes of these investigations has always been the role of language in the location and maintenance of women in disadvantageous position in society (Corson 1992, p.230). It has been established repeatedly that education plays a major role in creating unjust

Effective Ethical, Moral, and Legal Leadership Term Paper

Effective Ethical, Moral, and Legal Leadership - Term Paper Example It is worth noting that nurses are considered the primary care givers and hence they directly impact on the quality and delivery of services. There are a number of factors that contributed to this problem. There was lack of involvement of nurses in making decisions regarding patients health issues by the physicians and doctors and hence there was no teamwork. According to Chiarella and Mclnnes (2008), "The factors which influence nurses ability to deliver quality patient care are: a multi-disciplinary team approach to patient care delivery, the ability to provide care which satisfies nursing and patient satisfaction, a formula to ensure reasonable workloads, and a work environment which fosters nurse autonomy and control over practice in order to provide safe patient care" (p. 79). These factors were not considered in this institution. The contributions of the nurses towards delivery of services and care were not respected nor considered in the course of treatment by the doctors. In a bid to make the necessary changes to improve the quality of nursing care, there was the need for involvement of nurses in the provision of care. There was also the need to respect and consider their contributions (Walsh, 2010). Subsequently, there are a number of traits that were necessary in the decision making process to ensure the involvement of nurses. Some of these traits included respect, persuasion abilities, compassion, engagement, collaboration, communication, and supportive traits. Ensuring engagement and collaboration translated to nurses, doctors, and other individuals involved in provision of care working as team and hence quality of care was significantly improved, Other traits such as effective communication, persuasion, and respect were important in communicating the need for change. Based on the above dilemma, it is imperative to consider whether effective leaders are born or made. Some people believe that they are born while

Martin Luther's 95 Theses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Martin Luther's 95 Theses - Essay Example At his reflection, he knows that there is a lot of challenges to go against the norms by attacking one whom everybody praises, not even those the public disgraces will be spared. In a very conscious manner, he knows that he has a great beam on his own eyes so he cannot say he is super perfect to attack other men. Luther is against impious doctrines and their impiety not necessary on their bad morals. The reevaluation of his thought is sharply on the judgment of men and to preserve the passionate enthusiasm, following the example of Jesus Christ, who, in his keenness, calls his adversaries a creation of vipers, blind, children of the devil, and hypocrites. For example, when the great prophet, Paul charges a sorcerer with being a child of the devil, which he sees as the act of all malice and all subtlety; he defines such servants like evil workers, deceivers and dogs. In his, the court of Rome is full of a lost, desperate, and hopeless impiety overwhelmed by corrupt men. Which he has greatly abominated, and he feels disturbed that the people of Christ should be cheated under the pope’s given name and the excuse of the Rome Church. He says he is not doing the impossibilities, or being pessimistic on his labor alone, against the furious opposition of so many flatters any good can be done against the impossible situations. As a debtor to his congregation, he knows few will be ruined by the plagues of Rome. He blames the people of being reluctant to act on the laying waste of goods, souls, and bodies. These things are more clear to them than light and Rome church, previously the most sacred of all churches has become the most anarchistic hideout of thieves, hell not even antichrist could come to devise any addition to it wickedness. Concerning Christian liberty, Luther, explains that Christian faith is not easy, and nobody has the wisdom upon it as there is no experiment proof among the

Bridgestone corporation's strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bridgestone corporation's strategy - Assignment Example ity of a firm to extend backwards into the sources and supplies of its strategic materials and/or forward into the supply chain outlets of the final product to the end users (Rudie, 2003). Bridgestone Corporation is one of the most vertically integrated companies in the tire manufacturing industry. The Corporation engages in backwards integration through internal manufacturing and production of key raw materials and intermediate materials used in the production and development of its strategic tire products. According to the 2014 Bridgestone data report, the corporation operates several plants around the globe, which engages in the manufacture and supply of raw materials and intermediate materials into the company’s tire manufacturing plants (Bridgestone Corporation, 2014). The corporation has a total of 18 raw materials plants distributed across America’s (7), Europe(1), Middle East/Africa/Russia(1), Asia Oceanic(7) and Japan (2). The Saga plant, based in Miyaki-gun, S aga, is the Corporation’s leading manufacturer and supplier of steel cord material used in the development of the tire products. Other raw material manufacturing plants held by the subsidiaries include Bridgestone BRM Co., Ltd., Bridgestone Tread System Co., Ltd., Japan Mould Industry Co., Ltd., Bridgestone Plant, Engineering Co., Ltd., and Asahi Carbon Co., Ltd (Bridgestone Corporation, 2014). The backward vertical integration strategy assumed by Bridgestone Corporation has enabled it to gain a competitive advantage in the global tire manufacturing industry. Backward integration enables the Bridgestone Corporation to ensure stability in the supply of high quality steel cord materials (Rudie, 2003). In addition, vertical integration enables the Corporation to focus on developing innovative raw materials for the development of the strategic tire products, and ensuring smooth running of its operations. Lastly, vertical integration enables the Corporation to optimize its internal resources and

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi - Essay Example For him, Hinduism was a religion that he knew better than other religions and he found it non-violent and peaceful. One aspect that Gandhi used to search in religions was their nonviolent attitude towards different aspects of life. He found nonviolence in Christianity, Buddhism and other religions.Gandhi practiced Hinduism by continuing to be a vegetarian all his life, he read and acted upon the teachings of Gita and he preached about non-violence and peace (Mahatma Gandhi: Hinduism at its Best). He was an inspiration for the Hindus. He believed in all the teachings of Hinduism and practiced those that seemed suitable to him.He emphasized on reading Gita and also informed that when he used to read it, it soothed him. Gandhi showed liking for the concepts of protection of cow, peace and non-violence but he showed disliking for the concepts of murti puja, intolerance to touch by Brahmans, virgin widowhood and spoilage of virgins (1961; Mahatma Gandhi: Hinduism at its Best).Gandhi held his own opinions about other existent religions. He considered all the religions equally. According to him, he belonged to all religions and also said that all religions of the world helped him in self-realization. According to Gandhi, all religions consist of positive values that should be considered and followed in order to be a good human being (Mahatma Gandhi: Hinduism at its Best). Gandhi once said, â€Å"I am also a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist, and a Jew†, which described about his neutrality towards other religions except Hinduism.

Free trade, international business and globalisation continue to Essay

Free trade, international business and globalisation continue to increase inexorabley if they are so beneficial to our world and - Essay Example From the point of view of international business, globalization is not a mere sale in the overseas, but an operation in the overseas. Producing companies or the runners of business decide to produce in foreign countries for making this operation successfully. By producing in the foreign countries, the companies obtain access to the preferred inputs and to markets. The cheap inputs may be labor or raw materials like minerals or agricultural products. The relevant implications of the international business or globalization of business is free trade and competition. The overall interest of most of the global companies lies in free access to market. Similarly, the companies support the reduction of investment barriers in the individual countries. The competition is brought by the companies into the markets where there exists a limited number of local producers. The competition may be with local producers or among these companies them selves (Stewadson, 1999). Positive Roles of Internatio nal trade and business in the era of Globalization Free trade in the context of globalization attribute to i) the demand expansion and increasing returns to scale, ii) technological dynamism and investment, iii) specialization of production, technological advances and spill over, and above all to the iv) employment generation in a country, where the multi national countries produce or run the business. The goods and services which are produced locally have access to a larger market and the demand expansion effect of trade make the economy capable of overcoming the constraints of its local and domestic market size. The increasing returns to scale as a result of access to international markets can further reinforce the benefit of operating at a higher output level. The manufactured goods propose better prospects for export earnings by allowing for a more rapid productivity growth and production expansion and also offer the promise of greater price stability as volumes expand, thereby avoiding the declining terms of trade which hinders the long run economic performance of many developing countries (UNCTAD 2002) Trade leads to acquisition of newly affordable goods that are necessary for technological dynamisms, poverty reduction and increasing economic development. Those goods would not available unless export or import occurs properly and even if they are available, those may not be for the scarce domestic resources. If the foreign earnings from exports are appropriately re-invested, competitiveness would be enhanced and this leads to expansion of exports and greater investment. Trade with sufficient strategic support, incentives and guidance of the government can lead the economy to industrial diversification and other crucial economic development. The experience of South Korea is very relevant in this context. Export earnings have been used to import the selective capital goods and technologies which led to the inception of new and outstanding industries (in wh ich the country had any initial comparative advantage) which are internationally competitive (for eg., Steel and Ship Building). The trade theories indicate that a nation exports the commodities which are produ

Business Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business Analysis - Essay Example My perspective of the mentioned learning outcomes is that the business environment is a complex setting with diverse factors that influence all the decisions that managers make concerning business. This work will seek to demonstrate the interrelations of the mentioned learning outcomes and their relevance to the performance of firms. The environment consists of both internal and external factors that interplay to affect the way businesses make choices regarding what to produce and what to sell on the market. For this case, the market place forms the biggest force in the external environment that affects the choices from within the internal environment. I understand that the government forms unit of regulation of business activities in both the micro and macroeconomic environments. Economics deals with the choices that people make because of the limited resources, which for this case, contains both the individual producers and consumers as well as the aggregate economy. Microeconomics is, therefore, the study of individuals within an economy while macroeconomic concerns the aggregate economy. Both firms and consumers within the economy have to make choices regarding the use of limited resources. For this case, the consumers form the market forces because they affect the levels of demand for the goods and services that the firms make within the economy. I understand that the choices that companies make concerning the production of their products constitute the market structures such as the oligopolies, monopolies, and perfect competition. Managers of the firms have to make choices of the best alternatives that will give the best returns after studying the activities of their competitors. Such decisions constitute the market curves, which are actual theoretical tools that predict the likely outcomes of a given decision concerning the production of goods and services. It is evident that the

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Technology began when man started to control and modify nature to meet his needs.   Prior to the 20th Century, technology was identified with skilled men and women who passed their expertise and know-how from one generation to another.   Back then technology was associated with new techniques, new processes and new methods of doing things.   With the scientific revolution in the 20th Century, the concept of technology changed.   It is now closely associated with gadgets, products and innovative scientific inventions. This essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of two simple technological innovations: the stun gun and the police car video surveillance.    Their impact, advantages and disadvantages to the society will be evaluated for purpose of deeper appreciation of their use. Advantages and Disadvantages of Stun Guns and Police Car Video Surveillance Technology is closely tied with the concept of innovation.   There was a time when law enforcement officers utilized the wooden batons as their only weapons against violent individuals who resisted arrest (Scott Oldham, 2005, p.1).   In view of the lack of effective weapons that they can use to apprehend and subdue suspects, encounters between law enforcement officers and suspects often lead to a bloody fight.   As a result either the police officer or the suspect ends up getting seriously hurt or killed. Read more:  Technology Advantages and Disadvantages Essay There was also a time when law enforcement officers had to rely on their recollection of the events during dangerous situations.   They had to record the license number of the suspect’s getaway vehicle, remember their faces and the kind of weapons used.   If they were able to arrest the suspects after a dangerous situation, suspects often filed suits against law enforcement officers alleging brutality and violence they experienced in the hands of the police officers.   There being no other witnesses, the police officer had always been placed in jeopardy of being maliciously sued by a suspect he had arrested in his line of duty. With the use of technology, man was able to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying his own needs. Law enforcement officers have found simple solutions to their everyday problems.   With the use of stun guns police officers were able to harness the power of electricity.   They were able to control the volt and use it to apprehend violent suspects by incapacitating them temporarily. With the discovery of stun guns, police officers no longer have to worry about getting hurt or hurting anybody in the course of the arrest.   In case a suspect resists arrest and becomes really violent, the law enforcement officer only has to press this gun against the body of the suspect.   It will release an electronic charge that is high in voltage that can disable the suspect for 20 to 30minutes enough time for them to place handcuff on the suspect. Police officers no longer have to worry about the possibility of them forgetting the suspect’s face or the license number of the vehicle or the kind of weapon used.   He also need not fear that suits for excessive violence and brutality may be filed against him because there is physical evidence that can be presented before the court.   Law enforcement officers only have to produce the recording of his patrol car video surveillance and present it in court to disprove the false and malicious accusations against him. Just like any technology, however, it can be abused.   In the hands of an abusive law enforcement officer, stun guns may cause serious injury against a suspect if not used properly.   According to United Nations Committee use of stun guns by the police may cause extreme pain and in certain cases may lead to death.   (David Morgan, 2007, p.2)   It has been reported that since 1999, 80 people have died and others have been seriously injured by police using electronic stun gun which negate the claims that they are non lethal weapons.   (Greg Mathis, 2005, p.1) Use of police car video surveillance may be advantageous for some but it may pose a serious constitutional challenge for others.  Ã‚   Lawyers have challenged the legality of the act of police officers using their video camera as proof to apprehend those who commit over speeding and those who run against red lights.   Their contention is that the owners of the car are automatically considered guilty and imposed a penalty even if it may be possible that the car owners were not driving the vehicles at the time the infraction was committed.   Aside from constitutional violation of presumption of innocence, some police officers may use the video camera for the purpose of invading the privacy of private individuals. Conclusion Technology is indeed the successful attempt by man to control and modify nature for the purpose of satisfying human needs and providing solutions to his problem.   It may happen that the technology may turn into something that it is intended to do or to something that it is not intended to.   This is precisely what technology is.   It may turn out beneficial to mankind but it may also pose serious risks for us. In the case of stun guns, I believe it is still one of the most non-lethal instruments that police officers can utilize against suspects.   It would be better however if police officers are educated on its use and its dangers before they are allowed to use these instruments.   The same thing is true for video surveillance which is most effective if it is utilized for strictly law enforcement work.   These instruments therefore are not dangerous in themselves.   They are not evil in themselves.   Problem starts when those who utilize it use it improperly.   This problem could be remedied by proper orientation and training so that old and new law enforcement officers may be advised on how to properly utilize these new pieces of technology.

Marx and Epicurus Theories of a Happy and Meaningful Life

Marx and Epicurus Theories of a Happy and Meaningful Life What is the picture of the point of human life implicit in Marxs discussion of alienation, and how does this picture contrast with the views of Epicurus? Explain which of the two views you find more plausible and why. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contrasting views of Marx and Epicurus for a happy and meaningful life, and ultimately support the view of Marx over that of Epicurus, because it is more relevant in current times and a way of live. This paper will develop two arguments, by which Epicurus will disagree with Marx. The first is that Marxs concept is mostly related to materialistic considerations, where Epicurus focuses on contemplation, pleasure, and friendship. Secondly, Marx does not consider people to be intelligent, where for Epicurus wisdom is the most valuable thing in life. According to Marx, with the emergence and development of capitalism people work to live and they choose work to afford other things, not for the work itself. They relate to a product that is not related to them and are thrown into â€Å"forced labor†, which disconnect them from human nature (p. 2). Therefore, Marx sees importance in the relation between labour, production and reality with human nature (p. 3). One is alienated from his/her productions and he/she is driven away from his/her nature, and consequently from other human beings, then â€Å"nature is taken away† (p. 3). Because everybody is employed in the machine of economical forces one cannot see any actually free human beings to relate with â€Å"one man is alienated to another, just as each of them is alienated from human nature† (p. 4). Marx disapproves of capitalism. He believes such an economic system is inferior as it leads to estranging people from their production, or alienation of the thing, f rom the act of production the relationship of the worker to his own activity as an alien activity, from their human species and from other people (pp. 2, 3). Thus, Marx believes that what makes us human is the conscious ability we have to be creative in a universal act of production (p.3). Therefore, capitalism deprives one from being a human. However, according to Marx the meaning and happiness of life are embedded and related to materialistic considerations. One is unhappy, because he/ she produces â€Å"commodities† and he/ she is not related to them (Marx, 1844, p. 1). Capitalism leads to alienation of product, and this leads to all other alienations that Marx talks about, which makes ones life unhappy. Therefore, if he was related to those commodities, he would be happy. Thus, according to Marx, activities and products are essential for our happiness. Epicurus concept is built on a pursuit of pleasure, which one could conceive with the elimination of mental and physical pain. He sees wisdom as the most valuable virtue of all. Where, the most precious thing that wisdom could attain is friendship, from all the â€Å"means that wisdom acquires†¦the most important is friendship† (Epicurus 2, p. 2). Therefore, Epicurus concentrates its discourse on the importance of a non-materialistic world. He believes in one living wisely, honourably and justly with directed interests toward tranquility of the mind. This is what Epicurus sees as a pleasurable and happy life â€Å"we call pleasure the alpha and omega of a happy life† (Epicurus 1, p. 2). Therefore, Epicurus will disagree with Marx. Products, no matter in what way created, should not be of primer importance for one to be happy. Friendship is something that can not be simply produced, but is an established connection with another human being, through common interests, visions, discussions, unrelated to material production. Marx believes that people are not happy in a capitalists society, because they are dehumanized and alienated from everything in their life. Thus, Marx talks about a universal act of production that enables one to feel as a â€Å"free being† (Marx, 1844, p. 3). However, none of his arguments considers one to be an intelligent human being. Moreover, he says that capitalism and mass production leads to â€Å"imbecility and cretinism for the worker† (Marx, 1844, p. 2). His concept is based on the relation of humans to their nature, and therefore closer to their instincts. Thus, their belonging to the natural is substantial and it is before a process of active reasoning in their life. In Marxs words, in terms one to be happy, he/she must be mainly active in a physical way, not on a mental level. However, one could be intellectual, when he/ she works and his/ her object of labour is â€Å"objectification†. This â€Å"objectification†, on the other hand, is relat ed to the absence of alienation from ones production (Marx, 1844, p. 3). Where, Epicurus idea about pleasurable life is highly tied with the notion of one being wise. He says that a wise man or woman, that ultimately would be a happy man or woman will always think about what he/she does in his/her life and â€Å"greatest interests†¦ will be, directed by reason throughout his [her] whole life† (Epicurus 2, p. 1). Thus, Epicurus believes that there is no such thing as a chance in the life of a wise man or woman. If a wise man or woman is experiencing â€Å"misfortune† in his/her life that is much better thanâ€Å"prosperity of a fool† (Epicurus 2, p. 2). Therefore, if Marx does not consider people to be wise, if they overcome the capitalists machine of dehumanization, it would be a chance, and their happiness would not be a real happiness, according to Epicurus. However in my personal opinion, living in a dominant western capitalist society, constrains people in the way that Marx describes. If you ask me if I am happy, I will never explain it in terms of other emotions or pleasures, pain or wisdom. I will talk about my experience as a human being, what I achieved in life, school and career. I will explain it with relationships to other human beings in my life. This does not mean that I don not have a life of reason, or I am not employing my intellectual abilities in my life. Even if something happens by chance in my life I would appreciate and enjoy it the same way as everything that I have planned. Thus, I believe that what we feel defines our life. When we talk about happiness and pleasure, those notions seem to be very short-sighted consideration. The meaning of mine life is a feeling about what I will leave after me, what I will achieve and how I will contribute in to this world. Does not always matter how something happens in our life, if it makes us feel complete and in touch with our instincts and nature, as Marx would agree. Moreover, relation to a universal labour and production is what better defines my vision for the world we live in. Going to work nowadays is a must for one to maintain at least basic living standards. We do not spend enough time with our families and friends. We are enslaved in life, scheduled by our work. Thus, we spend so much time doing something, which results in products and services belonging to somebody else. Moreover, the social structure that we are part of makes work, production and consumption more important than our nature as human and social beings. In my opinion, no matter how much reason and wisdom we put in our actions, we will define our life, by our productivity, relations to nature and material considerations which consequently is much closer to Marxs concept. Bibliography: Marx, Alienated Labor. (1844). In Jackman (ed), Phil 1100: The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2009, pp. 55-62 Epicurus (1), Letter to Menoeceus in Jackman (ed), Phil 1100: The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2009, pp. 29-30 Epicurus (2), Principle Doctrines in Jackman (ed), Phil 1100: The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2009, pp. 31-33